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1. Examples of GoF Design Patterns
I am learning GoF Java Design Patterns and I want to see some real life examples of them. Can you guys point to some good usage of these Design Patterns.(preferably in Java's core libraries). Thank you
2. Parsing integer strings in Java
Possible Duplicate: How to convert a hexadecimal string to long in java? I know that Java can't handle this: Integer.parseInt("0x64") Instead you have to do this: Integer.parseInt("64", 16) Is there something built into Java that can automatically parse integer strings for me using the standard prefixes for hex, octal, and lack of prefix for decimal (so that I don't have to str...
3. Why is Java "String" type written in capital letter while "int" is not?
I am curious. Why do I have to type String myStr with a capital letter whereas I type int aNumba with a lower-case letter? 
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  /*
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   * Copyright 1996-2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
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   * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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   *
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   * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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   * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
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   * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
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   * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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   * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
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  *
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  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
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  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
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  * accompanied this code).
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  *
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  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
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  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
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  *
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  * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
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  * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
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  * have any questions.
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  */
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 package java.lang;

The Short class wraps a value of primitive type short in an object. An object of type Short contains a single field whose type is short.

In addition, this class provides several methods for converting a short to a String and a String to a short, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing with a short.

Author(s):
Nakul Saraiya
Joseph D. Darcy
Since:
JDK1.1
See also:
Number
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 public final class Short extends Number implements Comparable<Short> {

    
A constant holding the minimum value a short can have, -215. 
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     public static final short   MIN_VALUE = -32768;

    
A constant holding the maximum value a short can have, 215-1. 
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     public static final short   MAX_VALUE = 32767;

    
The Class instance representing the primitive type short. 
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     public static final Class<Short>    TYPE = (Class<Short>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("short");

    
Returns a new String object representing the specified short. The radix is assumed to be 10.

Parameters:
s the short to be converted
Returns:
the string representation of the specified short
See also:
Integer.toString(int)
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     public static String toString(short s) {
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         return Integer.toString((int)s, 10);
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     }

    
Parses the string argument as a signed short in the radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the string must all be digits, of the specified radix (as determined by whether Character.digit(char,int) returns a nonnegative value) except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign '-' ('\u002D') to indicate a negative value. The resulting short value is returned.

An exception of type NumberFormatException is thrown if any of the following situations occurs:

  • The first argument is null or is a string of length zero.
  • The radix is either smaller than Character.MIN_RADIX or larger than Character.MAX_RADIX.
  • Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign '-' ('\u002D') provided that the string is longer than length 1.
  • The value represented by the string is not a value of type short.

Parameters:
s the String containing the short representation to be parsed
radix the radix to be used while parsing s
Returns:
the short represented by the string argument in the specified radix.
Throws:
NumberFormatException If the String does not contain a parsable short.
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    public static short parseShort(String s, int radix)
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        throws NumberFormatException {
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        int i = Integer.parseInt(s, radix);
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        if (i <  || i > )
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            throw new NumberFormatException(
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                "Value out of range. Value:\"" + s + "\" Radix:" + radix);
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        return (short)i;
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    }

    
Parses the string argument as a signed decimal short. The characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign '-' ('\u002D') to indicate a negative value. The resulting short value is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the parseShort(java.lang.String,int) method.

Parameters:
s a String containing the short representation to be parsed
Returns:
the short value represented by the argument in decimal.
Throws:
NumberFormatException If the string does not contain a parsable short.
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    public static short parseShort(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
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        return parseShort(s, 10);
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    }

    
Returns a Short object holding the value extracted from the specified String when parsed with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument is interpreted as representing a signed short in the radix specified by the second argument, exactly as if the argument were given to the parseShort(java.lang.String,int) method. The result is a Short object that represents the short value specified by the string.

In other words, this method returns a Short object equal to the value of:

new Short(Short.parseShort(s, radix))

Parameters:
s the string to be parsed
radix the radix to be used in interpreting s
Returns:
a Short object holding the value represented by the string argument in the specified radix.
Throws:
NumberFormatException If the String does not contain a parsable short.
167
    public static Short valueOf(String s, int radix)
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        throws NumberFormatException {
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        return new Short(parseShort(s, radix));
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    }

    
Returns a Short object holding the value given by the specified String. The argument is interpreted as representing a signed decimal short, exactly as if the argument were given to the parseShort(java.lang.String) method. The result is a Short object that represents the short value specified by the string.

In other words, this method returns a Short object equal to the value of:

new Short(Short.parseShort(s))

Parameters:
s the string to be parsed
Returns:
a Short object holding the value represented by the string argument
Throws:
NumberFormatException If the String does not contain a parsable short.
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    public static Short valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
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        return valueOf(s, 10);
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    }
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    private static class ShortCache {
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        private ShortCache(){}
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        static final Short cache[] = new Short[-(-128) + 127 + 1];
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        static {
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            for(int i = 0; i < .; i++)
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                [i] = new Short((short)(i - 128));
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        }
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    }

    
Returns a Short instance representing the specified short value. If a new Short instance is not required, this method should generally be used in preference to the constructor Short(short), as this method is likely to yield significantly better space and time performance by caching frequently requested values.

Parameters:
s a short value.
Returns:
a Short instance representing s.
Since:
1.5
222
    public static Short valueOf(short s) {
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        final int offset = 128;
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        int sAsInt = s;
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        if (sAsInt >= -128 && sAsInt <= 127) { // must cache
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            return .[sAsInt + offset];
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        }
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        return new Short(s);
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    }

    
Decodes a String into a Short. Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by the following grammar:
DecodableString:
Signopt DecimalNumeral
Signopt 0x HexDigits
Signopt 0X HexDigits
Signopt # HexDigits
Signopt 0 OctalDigits

Sign:
-

DecimalNumeral, HexDigits, and OctalDigits are defined in §3.10.1 of the Java Language Specification.

The sequence of characters following an (optional) negative sign and/or radix specifier ("0x", "0X", "#", or leading zero) is parsed as by the Short.parseShort method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8). This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or a NumberFormatException will be thrown. The result is negated if first character of the specified String is the minus sign. No whitespace characters are permitted in the String.

Parameters:
nm the String to decode.
Returns:
a Short object holding the short value represented by nm
Throws:
NumberFormatException if the String does not contain a parsable short.
See also:
parseShort(java.lang.String,int)
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    public static Short decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
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        int i = Integer.decode(nm);
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        if (i <  || i > )
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            throw new NumberFormatException(
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                    "Value " + i + " out of range from input " + nm);
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        return (short)i;
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    }

    
The value of the Short.

Serial:
285
    private final short value;

    
Constructs a newly allocated Short object that represents the specified short value.

Parameters:
value the value to be represented by the Short.
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    public Short(short value) {
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        this. = value;
296
    }

    
Constructs a newly allocated Short object that represents the short value indicated by the String parameter. The string is converted to a short value in exactly the manner used by the parseShort method for radix 10.

Parameters:
s the String to be converted to a Short
Throws:
NumberFormatException If the String does not contain a parsable short.
See also:
parseShort(java.lang.String,int)
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    public Short(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
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        this. = parseShort(s, 10);
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    }

    
Returns the value of this Short as a byte. 
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    public byte byteValue() {
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        return (byte);
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    }

    
Returns the value of this Short as a short. 
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    public short shortValue() {
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        return ;
329
    }

    
Returns the value of this Short as an int. 
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    public int intValue() {
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        return (int);
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    }

    
Returns the value of this Short as a long. 
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    public long longValue() {
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        return (long);
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    }

    
Returns the value of this Short as a float. 
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    public float floatValue() {
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        return (float);
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    }

    
Returns the value of this Short as a double. 
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    public double doubleValue() {
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        return (double);
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    }

    
Returns a String object representing this Short's value. The value is converted to signed decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the short value were given as an argument to the toString(short) method.

Returns:
a string representation of the value of this object in base 10.
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    public String toString() {
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        return String.valueOf((int));
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    }

    
Returns a hash code for this Short. 
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    public int hashCode() {
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        return (int);
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    }

    
Compares this object to the specified object. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a Short object that contains the same short value as this object.

Parameters:
obj the object to compare with
Returns:
true if the objects are the same; false otherwise.
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    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
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        if (obj instanceof Short) {
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            return  == ((Short)obj).shortValue();
397
        }
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        return false;
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    }

    
Compares two Short objects numerically.

Parameters:
anotherShort the Short to be compared.
Returns:
the value 0 if this Short is equal to the argument Short; a value less than 0 if this Short is numerically less than the argument Short; and a value greater than 0 if this Short is numerically greater than the argument Short (signed comparison).
Since:
1.2
414
    public int compareTo(Short anotherShort) {
415
        return this. - anotherShort.value;
416
    }

    
The number of bits used to represent a short value in two's complement binary form.

Since:
1.5
423
    public static final int SIZE = 16;

    
Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the two's complement representation of the specified short value.

Returns:
the value obtained by reversing (or, equivalently, swapping) the bytes in the specified short value.
Since:
1.5
433
    public static short reverseBytes(short i) {
434
        return (short) (((i & 0xFF00) >> 8) | (i << 8));
435
    }

    
use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1. for interoperability
438
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7515723908773894738L;
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