Linked list implementation of the
List interface. Implements all
optional list operations, and permits all elements (including
null). In addition to implementing the
List interface,
the
LinkedList class provides uniformly named methods to
get,
remove and
insert an element at the
beginning and end of the list. These operations allow linked lists to be
used as a stack, queue, or double-ended queue.
The class implements the Deque interface, providing
first-in-first-out queue operations for add,
poll, along with other stack and deque operations.
All of the operations perform as could be expected for a doubly-linked
list. Operations that index into the list will traverse the list from
the beginning or the end, whichever is closer to the specified index.
Note that this implementation is not synchronized.
If multiple threads access a linked list concurrently, and at least
one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it must be
synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation
that adds or deletes one or more elements; merely setting the value of
an element is not a structural modification.) This is typically
accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally
encapsulates the list.
If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the
Collections.synchronizedList
method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
unsynchronized access to the list:
List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));
The iterators returned by this class's iterator and
listIterator methods are fail-fast: if the list is
structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in
any way except through the Iterator's own remove or
add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent
modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than
risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
time in the future.
Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis.
Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators
should be used only to detect bugs.
This class is a member of the
Java Collections Framework.
- Parameters:
<E> the type of elements held in this collection- Author(s):
- Josh Bloch
- Since:
- 1.2
- See also:
ListArrayListVector
private transient int size = 0;
Constructs an empty list.
Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
iterator.
Returns the first element in this list.
Returns the last element in this list.
Removes and returns the first element from this list.
Removes and returns the last element from this list.
Inserts the specified element at the beginning of this list.
- Parameters:
e the element to add
Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
This method is equivalent to add(java.lang.Object).
- Parameters:
e the element to add
Returns
true if this list contains the specified element.
More formally, returns
true if and only if this list contains
at least one element
e such that
(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).
- Parameters:
o element whose presence in this list is to be tested- Returns:
- true if this list contains the specified element
Returns the number of elements in this list.
- Returns:
- the number of elements in this list
public boolean add(E e) { Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
if it is present. If this list does not contain the element, it is
unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
i such that
(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))
(if such an element exists). Returns
true if this list
contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
changed as a result of the call).
- Parameters:
o element to be removed from this list, if present- Returns:
- true if this list contained the specified element
Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified
collection's iterator. The behavior of this operation is undefined if
the specified collection is modified while the operation is in
progress. (Note that this will occur if the specified collection is
this list, and it's nonempty.)
- Parameters:
c collection containing elements to be added to this list- Returns:
- true if this list changed as a result of the call
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
in the list in the order that they are returned by the
specified collection's iterator.
if (index < 0 || index > size)
Entry<E> predecessor = successor.previous;
for (int i=0; i<numNew; i++) { Entry<E> e = new Entry<E>((E)a[i], successor, predecessor);
successor.previous = predecessor;
Removes all of the elements from this list.
e.next = e.previous = null;
Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
public E get(int index) { Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the
specified element.
- Parameters:
index index of the element to replaceelement element to be stored at the specified position- Returns:
- the element previously at the specified position
- Throws:
java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException
public E set(int index, E element) { Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
public void add(int index, E element) { Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any
subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices).
Returns the element that was removed from the list.
Returns the indexed entry.
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
if (index < (size >> 1)) { for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++)
for (int i = size; i > index; i--)
Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
More formally, returns the lowest index
i such that
(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))),
or -1 if there is no such index.
- Parameters:
o element to search for- Returns:
- the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in
this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
More formally, returns the highest index
i such that
(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))),
or -1 if there is no such index.
- Parameters:
o element to search for- Returns:
- the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in
this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element
Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
- Returns:
- the head of this list, or null if this list is empty
- Since:
- 1.5
Retrieves, but does not remove, the head (first element) of this list.
Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list
- Returns:
- the head of this list, or null if this list is empty
- Since:
- 1.5
Retrieves and removes the head (first element) of this list.
Adds the specified element as the tail (last element) of this list.
public boolean offer(E e) { Inserts the specified element at the front of this list.
Inserts the specified element at the end of this list.
Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this list,
or returns
null if this list is empty.
- Returns:
- the first element of this list, or null
if this list is empty
- Since:
- 1.6
Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this list,
or returns
null if this list is empty.
- Returns:
- the last element of this list, or null
if this list is empty
- Since:
- 1.6
Retrieves and removes the first element of this list,
or returns
null if this list is empty.
- Returns:
- the first element of this list, or null if
this list is empty
- Since:
- 1.6
Retrieves and removes the last element of this list,
or returns
null if this list is empty.
- Returns:
- the last element of this list, or null if
this list is empty
- Since:
- 1.6
Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this list. In other
words, inserts the element at the front of this list.
This method is equivalent to addFirst(java.lang.Object).
- Parameters:
e the element to push- Since:
- 1.6
Pops an element from the stack represented by this list. In other
words, removes and returns the first element of this list.
This method is equivalent to removeFirst().
- Returns:
- the element at the front of this list (which is the top
of the stack represented by this list)
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException if this list is empty- Since:
- 1.6
Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this
list (when traversing the list from head to tail). If the list
does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
- Parameters:
o element to be removed from this list, if present- Returns:
- true if the list contained the specified element
- Since:
- 1.6
Removes the last occurrence of the specified element in this
list (when traversing the list from head to tail). If the list
does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
- Parameters:
o element to be removed from this list, if present- Returns:
- true if the list contained the specified element
- Since:
- 1.6
Returns a list-iterator of the elements in this list (in proper
sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
Obeys the general contract of
List.listIterator(int).
The list-iterator is fail-fast: if the list is structurally
modified at any time after the Iterator is created, in any way except
through the list-iterator's own remove or add
methods, the list-iterator will throw a
ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of
concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather
than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
time in the future.
- Parameters:
index index of the first element to be returned from the
list-iterator (by a call to next)- Returns:
- a ListIterator of the elements in this list (in proper
sequence), starting at the specified position in the list
- Throws:
java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException- See also:
List.listIterator(int)
if (index < 0 || index > size)
if (index < (size >> 1)) { private static class Entry<E> { Entry<E> newEntry = new Entry<E>(e, entry, entry.previous);
newEntry.previous.next = newEntry;
newEntry.next.previous = newEntry;
e.previous.next = e.next;
e.next.previous = e.previous;
e.next = e.previous = null;
Adapter to provide descending iterators via ListItr.previous
Returns a shallow copy of this
LinkedList. (The elements
themselves are not cloned.)
- Returns:
- a shallow copy of this LinkedList instance
clone.header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
clone.header.next = clone.header.previous = clone.header;
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
in proper sequence (from first to last element).
The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
APIs.
- Returns:
- an array containing all of the elements in this list
in proper sequence
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in
proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of
the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits
in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new
array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and
the size of this list.
If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e.,
the array has more elements than the list), the element in the array
immediately following the end of the list is set to null.
(This is useful in determining the length of the list only if
the caller knows that the list does not contain any null elements.)
Like the toArray() method, this method acts as bridge between
array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows
precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
Suppose x is a list known to contain only strings.
The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly
allocated array of String:
String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);
Note that
toArray(new Object[0]) is identical in function to
toArray().
- Parameters:
a the array into which the elements of the list are to
be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.- Returns:
- an array containing the elements of the list
- Throws:
java.lang.ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
this listjava.lang.NullPointerException if the specified array is null
Save the state of this
LinkedList instance to a stream (that
is, serialize it).
- SerialData:
- The size of the list (the number of elements it
contains) is emitted (int), followed by all of its
elements (each an Object) in the proper order.
Reconstitute this
LinkedList instance from a stream (that is
deserialize it).
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)