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   /*
    * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
    *
    * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
    * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
    * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
    * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
    *
   * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
   * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
   * accompanied this code).
   *
   * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
   * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
   * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
   *
   * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
   * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
   * questions.
   */
  
  /*
   * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
   * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
   * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
   * file:
   *
   * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
   * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
   * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
   */
  
  package java.util.concurrent;
  import java.util.*;
A hash table supporting full concurrency of retrievals and adjustable expected concurrency for updates. This class obeys the same functional specification as java.util.Hashtable, and includes versions of methods corresponding to each method of Hashtable. However, even though all operations are thread-safe, retrieval operations do not entail locking, and there is not any support for locking the entire table in a way that prevents all access. This class is fully interoperable with Hashtable in programs that rely on its thread safety but not on its synchronization details.

Retrieval operations (including get) generally do not block, so may overlap with update operations (including put and remove). Retrievals reflect the results of the most recently completed update operations holding upon their onset. For aggregate operations such as putAll and clear, concurrent retrievals may reflect insertion or removal of only some entries. Similarly, Iterators and Enumerations return elements reflecting the state of the hash table at some point at or since the creation of the iterator/enumeration. They do not throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException. However, iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time.

The allowed concurrency among update operations is guided by the optional concurrencyLevel constructor argument (default 16), which is used as a hint for internal sizing. The table is internally partitioned to try to permit the indicated number of concurrent updates without contention. Because placement in hash tables is essentially random, the actual concurrency will vary. Ideally, you should choose a value to accommodate as many threads as will ever concurrently modify the table. Using a significantly higher value than you need can waste space and time, and a significantly lower value can lead to thread contention. But overestimates and underestimates within an order of magnitude do not usually have much noticeable impact. A value of one is appropriate when it is known that only one thread will modify and all others will only read. Also, resizing this or any other kind of hash table is a relatively slow operation, so, when possible, it is a good idea to provide estimates of expected table sizes in constructors.

This class and its views and iterators implement all of the optional methods of the java.util.Map and java.util.Iterator interfaces.

Like java.util.Hashtable but unlike java.util.HashMap, this class does not allow null to be used as a key or value.

This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

Parameters:
<K> the type of keys maintained by this map
<V> the type of mapped values
Author(s):
Doug Lea
Since:
1.5
 
 public class ConcurrentHashMap<K, V> extends AbstractMap<K, V>
         implements ConcurrentMap<K, V>, Serializable {
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 7249069246763182397L;
 
     /*
      * The basic strategy is to subdivide the table among Segments,
      * each of which itself is a concurrently readable hash table.  To
      * reduce footprint, all but one segments are constructed only
      * when first needed (see ensureSegment). To maintain visibility
      * in the presence of lazy construction, accesses to segments as
      * well as elements of segment's table must use volatile access,
      * which is done via Unsafe within methods segmentAt etc
      * below. These provide the functionality of AtomicReferenceArrays
      * but reduce the levels of indirection. Additionally,
      * volatile-writes of table elements and entry "next" fields
      * within locked operations use the cheaper "lazySet" forms of
      * writes (via putOrderedObject) because these writes are always
      * followed by lock releases that maintain sequential consistency
      * of table updates.
      *
      * Historical note: The previous version of this class relied
      * heavily on "final" fields, which avoided some volatile reads at
      * the expense of a large initial footprint.  Some remnants of
      * that design (including forced construction of segment 0) exist
      * to ensure serialization compatibility.
      */
 
     /* ---------------- Constants -------------- */

    
The default initial capacity for this table, used when not otherwise specified in a constructor.
 
     static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;

    
The default load factor for this table, used when not otherwise specified in a constructor.
 
     static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

    
The default concurrency level for this table, used when not otherwise specified in a constructor.
 
     static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;

    
The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified by either of the constructors with arguments. MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30 to ensure that entries are indexable using ints.
 
     static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;

    
The minimum capacity for per-segment tables. Must be a power of two, at least two to avoid immediate resizing on next use after lazy construction.
 
     static final int MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY = 2;

    
The maximum number of segments to allow; used to bound constructor arguments. Must be power of two less than 1 << 24.
 
     static final int MAX_SEGMENTS = 1 << 16; // slightly conservative
 
    
Number of unsynchronized retries in size and containsValue methods before resorting to locking. This is used to avoid unbounded retries if tables undergo continuous modification which would make it impossible to obtain an accurate result.
 
     static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2;
 
     /* ---------------- Fields -------------- */

    
Mask value for indexing into segments. The upper bits of a key's hash code are used to choose the segment.
 
     final int segmentMask;

    
Shift value for indexing within segments.
 
     final int segmentShift;

    
The segments, each of which is a specialized hash table.
 
     final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
 
     transient Set<K> keySet;
     transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
     transient Collection<V> values;

    
ConcurrentHashMap list entry. Note that this is never exported out as a user-visible Map.Entry.
 
     static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
         final int hash;
         final K key;
         volatile V value;
         volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;
 
         HashEntry(int hash, K key, V valueHashEntry<K,V> next) {
             this. = hash;
             this. = key;
             this. = value;
             this. = next;
         }

        
Sets next field with volatile write semantics. (See above about use of putOrderedObject.)
 
         final void setNext(HashEntry<K,V> n) {
             .putOrderedObject(thisn);
         }
 
         // Unsafe mechanics
         static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
         static final long nextOffset;
         static {
             try {
                  = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
                 Class k = HashEntry.class;
                  = .objectFieldOffset
                     (k.getDeclaredField("next"));
             } catch (Exception e) {
                 throw new Error(e);
             }
         }
     }

    
Gets the ith element of given table (if nonnull) with volatile read semantics. Note: This is manually integrated into a few performance-sensitive methods to reduce call overhead.
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     static final <K,V> HashEntry<K,V> entryAt(HashEntry<K,V>[] tabint i) {
         return (tab == null) ? null :
             (HashEntry<K,V>) .getObjectVolatile
             (tab, ((long)i << ) + );
     }

    
Sets the ith element of given table, with volatile write semantics. (See above about use of putOrderedObject.)
 
     static final <K,V> void setEntryAt(HashEntry<K,V>[] tabint i,
                                        HashEntry<K,V> e) {
         .putOrderedObject(tab, ((long)i << ) + e);
     }

    
Applies a supplemental hash function to a given hashCode, which defends against poor quality hash functions. This is critical because ConcurrentHashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables, that otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not differ in lower or upper bits.
 
     private static int hash(int h) {
         // Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,
         // using variant of single-word Wang/Jenkins hash.
         h += (h <<  15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
         h ^= (h >>> 10);
         h += (h <<   3);
         h ^= (h >>>  6);
         h += (h <<   2) + (h << 14);
         return h ^ (h >>> 16);
     }

    
Segments are specialized versions of hash tables. This subclasses from ReentrantLock opportunistically, just to simplify some locking and avoid separate construction.
 
     static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
         /*
          * Segments maintain a table of entry lists that are always
          * kept in a consistent state, so can be read (via volatile
          * reads of segments and tables) without locking.  This
          * requires replicating nodes when necessary during table
          * resizing, so the old lists can be traversed by readers
          * still using old version of table.
          *
          * This class defines only mutative methods requiring locking.
          * Except as noted, the methods of this class perform the
          * per-segment versions of ConcurrentHashMap methods.  (Other
          * methods are integrated directly into ConcurrentHashMap
          * methods.) These mutative methods use a form of controlled
          * spinning on contention via methods scanAndLock and
          * scanAndLockForPut. These intersperse tryLocks with
          * traversals to locate nodes.  The main benefit is to absorb
          * cache misses (which are very common for hash tables) while
          * obtaining locks so that traversal is faster once
          * acquired. We do not actually use the found nodes since they
          * must be re-acquired under lock anyway to ensure sequential
          * consistency of updates (and in any case may be undetectably
          * stale), but they will normally be much faster to re-locate.
          * Also, scanAndLockForPut speculatively creates a fresh node
          * to use in put if no node is found.
          */
 
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;

        
The maximum number of times to tryLock in a prescan before possibly blocking on acquire in preparation for a locked segment operation. On multiprocessors, using a bounded number of retries maintains cache acquired while locating nodes.
 
         static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
             Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;

        
The per-segment table. Elements are accessed via entryAt/setEntryAt providing volatile semantics.
 
         transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;

        
The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
 
         transient int count;

        
The total number of mutative operations in this segment. Even though this may overflows 32 bits, it provides sufficient accuracy for stability checks in CHM isEmpty() and size() methods. Accessed only either within locks or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
 
         transient int modCount;

        
The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold. (The value of this field is always (int)(capacity * loadFactor).)
 
         transient int threshold;

        
The load factor for the hash table. Even though this value is same for all segments, it is replicated to avoid needing links to outer object.

Serial:
 
         final float loadFactor;
 
         Segment(float lfint threshold, HashEntry<K,V>[] tab) {
             this. = lf;
             this. = threshold;
             this. = tab;
         }
 
         final V put(K keyint hash, V valueboolean onlyIfAbsent) {
             HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
                 scanAndLockForPut(keyhashvalue);
             V oldValue;
             try {
                 HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = ;
                 int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
                 HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tabindex);
                 for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
                     if (e != null) {
                         K k;
                         if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                             (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                             oldValue = e.value;
                             if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
                                 e.value = value;
                                 ++;
                             }
                             break;
                         }
                         e = e.next;
                     }
                     else {
                         if (node != null)
                             node.setNext(first);
                         else
                             node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hashkeyvaluefirst);
                         int c =  + 1;
                         if (c >  && tab.length < )
                             rehash(node);
                         else
                             setEntryAt(tabindexnode);
                         ++;
                          = c;
                         oldValue = null;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             } finally {
                 unlock();
             }
             return oldValue;
         }

        
Doubles size of table and repacks entries, also adding the given node to new table
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {
             /*
              * Reclassify nodes in each list to new table.  Because we
              * are using power-of-two expansion, the elements from
              * each bin must either stay at same index, or move with a
              * power of two offset. We eliminate unnecessary node
              * creation by catching cases where old nodes can be
              * reused because their next fields won't change.
              * Statistically, at the default threshold, only about
              * one-sixth of them need cloning when a table
              * doubles. The nodes they replace will be garbage
              * collectable as soon as they are no longer referenced by
              * any reader thread that may be in the midst of
              * concurrently traversing table. Entry accesses use plain
              * array indexing because they are followed by volatile
              * table write.
              */
             HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = ;
             int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
             int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
              = (int)(newCapacity * );
             HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
                 (HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
             int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
             for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
                 HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
                 if (e != null) {
                     HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
                     int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
                     if (next == null)   //  Single node on list
                         newTable[idx] = e;
                     else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
                         HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
                         int lastIdx = idx;
                         for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
                              last != null;
                              last = last.next) {
                             int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
                             if (k != lastIdx) {
                                 lastIdx = k;
                                 lastRun = last;
                             }
                         }
                         newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
                         // Clone remaining nodes
                         for (HashEntry<K,V> p = ep != lastRunp = p.next) {
                             V v = p.value;
                             int h = p.hash;
                             int k = h & sizeMask;
                             HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
                             newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(hp.keyvn);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
             int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask// add the new node
             node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
             newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
              = newTable;
         }

        
Scans for a node containing given key while trying to acquire lock, creating and returning one if not found. Upon return, guarantees that lock is held. UNlike in most methods, calls to method equals are not screened: Since traversal speed doesn't matter, we might as well help warm up the associated code and accesses as well.

Returns:
a new node if key not found, else null
 
         private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K keyint hash, V value) {
             HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(thishash);
             HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
             HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
             int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
             while (!tryLock()) {
                 HashEntry<K,V> f// to recheck first below
                 if (retries < 0) {
                     if (e == null) {
                         if (node == null// speculatively create node
                             node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hashkeyvaluenull);
                         retries = 0;
                     }
                     else if (key.equals(e.key))
                         retries = 0;
                     else
                         e = e.next;
                 }
                 else if (++retries > ) {
                     lock();
                     break;
                 }
                 else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
                          (f = entryForHash(thishash)) != first) {
                     e = first = f// re-traverse if entry changed
                     retries = -1;
                 }
             }
             return node;
         }

        
Scans for a node containing the given key while trying to acquire lock for a remove or replace operation. Upon return, guarantees that lock is held. Note that we must lock even if the key is not found, to ensure sequential consistency of updates.
 
         private void scanAndLock(Object keyint hash) {
             // similar to but simpler than scanAndLockForPut
             HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(thishash);
             HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
             int retries = -1;
             while (!tryLock()) {
                 HashEntry<K,V> f;
                 if (retries < 0) {
                     if (e == null || key.equals(e.key))
                         retries = 0;
                     else
                         e = e.next;
                 }
                 else if (++retries > ) {
                     lock();
                     break;
                 }
                 else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
                          (f = entryForHash(thishash)) != first) {
                     e = first = f;
                     retries = -1;
                 }
             }
         }

        
Remove; match on key only if value null, else match both.
 
         final V remove(Object keyint hashObject value) {
             if (!tryLock())
                 scanAndLock(keyhash);
             V oldValue = null;
             try {
                 HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = ;
                 int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
                 HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tabindex);
                 HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
                 while (e != null) {
                     K k;
                     HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
                     if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                         (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                         V v = e.value;
                         if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
                             if (pred == null)
                                 setEntryAt(tabindexnext);
                             else
                                 pred.setNext(next);
                             ++;
                             --;
                             oldValue = v;
                         }
                         break;
                     }
                     pred = e;
                     e = next;
                 }
             } finally {
                 unlock();
             }
             return oldValue;
         }
 
         final boolean replace(K keyint hash, V oldValue, V newValue) {
             if (!tryLock())
                 scanAndLock(keyhash);
             boolean replaced = false;
             try {
                 HashEntry<K,V> e;
                 for (e = entryForHash(thishash); e != nulle = e.next) {
                     K k;
                     if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                         (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                         if (oldValue.equals(e.value)) {
                             e.value = newValue;
                             ++;
                             replaced = true;
                         }
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             } finally {
                 unlock();
             }
             return replaced;
         }
 
         final V replace(K keyint hash, V value) {
             if (!tryLock())
                 scanAndLock(keyhash);
             V oldValue = null;
             try {
                 HashEntry<K,V> e;
                 for (e = entryForHash(thishash); e != nulle = e.next) {
                     K k;
                     if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                         (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                         oldValue = e.value;
                         e.value = value;
                         ++;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             } finally {
                 unlock();
             }
             return oldValue;
         }
 
         final void clear() {
             lock();
             try {
                 HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = ;
                 for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
                     setEntryAt(tabinull);
                 ++;
                  = 0;
             } finally {
                 unlock();
             }
         }
     }
 
     // Accessing segments
 
    
Gets the jth element of given segment array (if nonnull) with volatile element access semantics via Unsafe. (The null check can trigger harmlessly only during deserialization.) Note: because each element of segments array is set only once (using fully ordered writes), some performance-sensitive methods rely on this method only as a recheck upon null reads.
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     static final <K,V> Segment<K,V> segmentAt(Segment<K,V>[] ssint j) {
         long u = (j << ) + ;
         return ss == null ? null :
             (Segment<K,V>) .getObjectVolatile(ssu);
     }

    
Returns the segment for the given index, creating it and recording in segment table (via CAS) if not already present.

Parameters:
k the index
Returns:
the segment
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     private Segment<K,V> ensureSegment(int k) {
         final Segment<K,V>[] ss = this.;
         long u = (k << ) + // raw offset
         Segment<K,V> seg;
         if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>).getObjectVolatile(ssu)) == null) {
             Segment<K,V> proto = ss[0]; // use segment 0 as prototype
             int cap = proto.table.length;
             float lf = proto.loadFactor;
             int threshold = (int)(cap * lf);
             HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap];
             if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>).getObjectVolatile(ssu))
                 == null) { // recheck
                 Segment<K,V> s = new Segment<K,V>(lfthresholdtab);
                 while ((seg = (Segment<K,V>).getObjectVolatile(ssu))
                        == null) {
                     if (.compareAndSwapObject(ssunullseg = s))
                         break;
                 }
             }
         }
         return seg;
     }
 
     // Hash-based segment and entry accesses
 
    
Get the segment for the given hash
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     private Segment<K,V> segmentForHash(int h) {
         long u = (((h >>> ) & ) << ) + ;
         return (Segment<K,V>) .getObjectVolatile(u);
     }

    
Gets the table entry for the given segment and hash
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     static final <K,V> HashEntry<K,V> entryForHash(Segment<K,V> segint h) {
         HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
         return (seg == null || (tab = seg.table) == null) ? null :
             (HashEntry<K,V>) .getObjectVolatile
             (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << ) + );
     }
 
     /* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */

    
Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, load factor and concurrency level.

Parameters:
initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
loadFactor the load factor threshold, used to control resizing. Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per bin exceeds this threshold.
concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing to try to accommodate this many threads.
Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are nonpositive.
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
                              float loadFactorint concurrencyLevel) {
         if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
             throw new IllegalArgumentException();
         if (concurrencyLevel > )
             concurrencyLevel = ;
         // Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
         int sshift = 0;
         int ssize = 1;
         while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
             ++sshift;
             ssize <<= 1;
         }
         this. = 32 - sshift;
         this. = ssize - 1;
         if (initialCapacity > )
             initialCapacity = ;
         int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
         if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
             ++c;
         int cap = ;
         while (cap < c)
             cap <<= 1;
         // create segments and segments[0]
         Segment<K,V> s0 =
             new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
                              (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
         Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
         .putOrderedObject(sss0); // ordered write of segments[0]
         this. = ss;
     }

    
Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity and load factor and with the default concurrencyLevel (16).

Parameters:
initialCapacity The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
loadFactor the load factor threshold, used to control resizing. Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per bin exceeds this threshold.
Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive
Since:
1.6
 
     public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacityfloat loadFactor) {
         this(initialCapacityloadFactor);
     }

    
Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity, and with default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).

Parameters:
initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of elements is negative.
 
     public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
         this(initialCapacity);
     }

    
Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16), load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
 
     public ConcurrentHashMap() {
     }

    
Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map. The map is created with a capacity of 1.5 times the number of mappings in the given map or 16 (whichever is greater), and a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).

Parameters:
m the map
 
     public ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
         this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / ) + 1,
                       ),
              );
         putAll(m);
     }

    
Returns true if this map contains no key-value mappings.

Returns:
true if this map contains no key-value mappings
 
     public boolean isEmpty() {
         /*
          * Sum per-segment modCounts to avoid mis-reporting when
          * elements are concurrently added and removed in one segment
          * while checking another, in which case the table was never
          * actually empty at any point. (The sum ensures accuracy up
          * through at least 1<<31 per-segment modifications before
          * recheck.)  Methods size() and containsValue() use similar
          * constructions for stability checks.
          */
         long sum = 0L;
         final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.;
         for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
             Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segmentsj);
             if (seg != null) {
                 if (seg.count != 0)
                     return false;
                 sum += seg.modCount;
             }
         }
         if (sum != 0L) { // recheck unless no modifications
             for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
                 Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segmentsj);
                 if (seg != null) {
                     if (seg.count != 0)
                         return false;
                     sum -= seg.modCount;
                 }
             }
             if (sum != 0L)
                 return false;
         }
         return true;
     }

    
Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. If the map contains more than Integer.MAX_VALUE elements, returns Integer.MAX_VALUE.

Returns:
the number of key-value mappings in this map
 
     public int size() {
         // Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
         // continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
         final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.;
         int size;
         boolean overflow// true if size overflows 32 bits
         long sum;         // sum of modCounts
         long last = 0L;   // previous sum
         int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
         try {
             for (;;) {
                 if (retries++ == ) {
                     for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                         ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
                 }
                 sum = 0L;
                 size = 0;
                 overflow = false;
                 for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
                     Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segmentsj);
                     if (seg != null) {
                         sum += seg.modCount;
                         int c = seg.count;
                         if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
                             overflow = true;
                     }
                 }
                 if (sum == last)
                     break;
                 last = sum;
             }
         } finally {
             if (retries > ) {
                 for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                     segmentAt(segmentsj).unlock();
             }
         }
         return overflow ? . : size;
     }

    
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or null if this map contains no mapping for the key.

More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key k to a value v such that key.equals(k), then this method returns v; otherwise it returns null. (There can be at most one such mapping.)

Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key is null
 
     public V get(Object key) {
         Segment<K,V> s// manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
         HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
         int h = hash(key.hashCode());
         long u = (((h >>> ) & ) << ) + ;
         if ((s = (Segment<K,V>).getObjectVolatile(u)) != null &&
             (tab = s.table) != null) {
             for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) .getObjectVolatile
                      (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << ) + );
                  e != nulle = e.next) {
                 K k;
                 if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
                     return e.value;
             }
         }
         return null;
     }

    
Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.

Parameters:
key possible key
Returns:
true if and only if the specified object is a key in this table, as determined by the equals method; false otherwise.
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key is null
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
         Segment<K,V> s// same as get() except no need for volatile value read
         HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
         int h = hash(key.hashCode());
         long u = (((h >>> ) & ) << ) + ;
         if ((s = (Segment<K,V>).getObjectVolatile(u)) != null &&
             (tab = s.table) != null) {
             for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) .getObjectVolatile
                      (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << ) + );
                  e != nulle = e.next) {
                 K k;
                 if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
                     return true;
             }
         }
         return false;
     }

    
Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value. Note: This method requires a full internal traversal of the hash table, and so is much slower than method containsKey.

Parameters:
value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
Returns:
true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified value is null
 
     public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
         // Same idea as size()
         if (value == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
         final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.;
         boolean found = false;
         long last = 0;
         int retries = -1;
         try {
             outer: for (;;) {
                 if (retries++ == ) {
                     for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                         ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
                 }
                 long hashSum = 0L;
                 int sum = 0;
                 for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
                     HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
                     Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segmentsj);
                     if (seg != null && (tab = seg.table) != null) {
                         for (int i = 0 ; i < tab.lengthi++) {
                             HashEntry<K,V> e;
                             for (e = entryAt(tabi); e != nulle = e.next) {
                                 V v = e.value;
                                if (v != null && value.equals(v)) {
                                    found = true;
                                    break outer;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        sum += seg.modCount;
                    }
                }
                if (retries > 0 && sum == last)
                    break;
                last = sum;
            }
        } finally {
            if (retries > ) {
                for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                    segmentAt(segmentsj).unlock();
            }
        }
        return found;
    }

    
Legacy method testing if some key maps into the specified value in this table. This method is identical in functionality to containsValue(java.lang.Object), and exists solely to ensure full compatibility with class java.util.Hashtable, which supported this method prior to introduction of the Java Collections framework.

Parameters:
value a value to search for
Returns:
true if and only if some key maps to the value argument in this table as determined by the equals method; false otherwise
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified value is null
    public boolean contains(Object value) {
        return containsValue(value);
    }

    
Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table. Neither the key nor the value can be null.

The value can be retrieved by calling the get method with a key that is equal to the original key.

Parameters:
key key with which the specified value is to be associated
value value to be associated with the specified key
Returns:
the previous value associated with key, or null if there was no mapping for key
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        Segment<K,V> s;
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        int j = (hash >>> ) & ;
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>).getObject          // nonvolatile; recheck
             (, (j << ) + )) == null//  in ensureSegment
            s = ensureSegment(j);
        return s.put(keyhashvaluefalse);
    }

    

Returns:
the previous value associated with the specified key, or null if there was no mapping for the key
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
        Segment<K,V> s;
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        int j = (hash >>> ) & ;
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>).getObject
             (, (j << ) + )) == null)
            s = ensureSegment(j);
        return s.put(keyhashvaluetrue);
    }

    
Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one. These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the keys currently in the specified map.

Parameters:
m mappings to be stored in this map
    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet())
            put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
    }

    
Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this map. This method does nothing if the key is not in the map.

Parameters:
key the key that needs to be removed
Returns:
the previous value associated with key, or null if there was no mapping for key
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key is null
    public V remove(Object key) {
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
        return s == null ? null : s.remove(keyhashnull);
    }

    

Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key is null
    public boolean remove(Object keyObject value) {
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        Segment<K,V> s;
        return value != null && (s = segmentForHash(hash)) != null &&
            s.remove(keyhashvalue) != null;
    }

    

Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null
    public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        if (oldValue == null || newValue == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
        return s != null && s.replace(keyhasholdValuenewValue);
    }

    

Returns:
the previous value associated with the specified key, or null if there was no mapping for the key
Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
    public V replace(K key, V value) {
        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
        return s == null ? null : s.replace(keyhashvalue);
    }

    
Removes all of the mappings from this map.
    public void clear() {
        final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.;
        for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
            Segment<K,V> s = segmentAt(segmentsj);
            if (s != null)
                s.clear();
        }
    }

    
Returns a java.util.Set view of the keys contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the Iterator.remove, Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.

The view's iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException, and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.

    public Set<K> keySet() {
        Set<K> ks = ;
        return (ks != null) ? ks : ( = new KeySet());
    }

    
Returns a java.util.Collection view of the values contained in this map. The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map, via the Iterator.remove, Collection.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.

The view's iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException, and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.

    public Collection<V> values() {
        Collection<V> vs = ;
        return (vs != null) ? vs : ( = new Values());
    }

    
Returns a java.util.Set view of the mappings contained in this map. The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the Iterator.remove, Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.

The view's iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator that will never throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException, and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.

    public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
        Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es = ;
        return (es != null) ? es : ( = new EntrySet());
    }

    
Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.

Returns:
an enumeration of the keys in this table
See also:
keySet()
    public Enumeration<K> keys() {
        return new KeyIterator();
    }

    
Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.

Returns:
an enumeration of the values in this table
See also:
values()
    public Enumeration<V> elements() {
        return new ValueIterator();
    }
    /* ---------------- Iterator Support -------------- */
    abstract class HashIterator {
        int nextSegmentIndex;
        int nextTableIndex;
        HashEntry<K,V>[] currentTable;
        HashEntry<K, V> nextEntry;
        HashEntry<K, V> lastReturned;
        HashIterator() {
             = . - 1;
             = -1;
            advance();
        }

        
Set nextEntry to first node of next non-empty table (in backwards order, to simplify checks).
        final void advance() {
            for (;;) {
                if ( >= 0) {
                    if (( = entryAt(,
                                             --)) != null)
                        break;
                }
                else if ( >= 0) {
                    Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(--);
                    if (seg != null && ( = seg.table) != null)
                         = . - 1;
                }
                else
                    break;
            }
        }
        final HashEntry<K,V> nextEntry() {
            HashEntry<K,V> e = ;
            if (e == null)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
             = e// cannot assign until after null check
            if (( = e.next) == null)
                advance();
            return e;
        }
        public final boolean hasNext() { return  != null; }
        public final boolean hasMoreElements() { return  != null; }
        public final void remove() {
            if ( == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(.);
             = null;
        }
    }
    final class KeyIterator
        extends HashIterator
        implements Iterator<K>, Enumeration<K>
    {
        public final K next()        { return super.nextEntry().; }
        public final K nextElement() { return super.nextEntry().; }
    }
    final class ValueIterator
        extends HashIterator
        implements Iterator<V>, Enumeration<V>
    {
        public final V next()        { return super.nextEntry().; }
        public final V nextElement() { return super.nextEntry().; }
    }

    
Custom Entry class used by EntryIterator.next(), that relays setValue changes to the underlying map.
    final class WriteThroughEntry
        extends AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<K,V>
    {
        WriteThroughEntry(K k, V v) {
            super(k,v);
        }

        
Set our entry's value and write through to the map. The value to return is somewhat arbitrary here. Since a WriteThroughEntry does not necessarily track asynchronous changes, the most recent "previous" value could be different from what we return (or could even have been removed in which case the put will re-establish). We do not and cannot guarantee more.
        public V setValue(V value) {
            if (value == nullthrow new NullPointerException();
            V v = super.setValue(value);
            ConcurrentHashMap.this.put(getKey(), value);
            return v;
        }
    }
    final class EntryIterator
        extends HashIterator
        implements Iterator<Entry<K,V>>
    {
        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
            HashEntry<K,V> e = super.nextEntry();
            return new WriteThroughEntry(e.keye.value);
        }
    }
    final class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
        public Iterator<K> iterator() {
            return new KeyIterator();
        }
        public int size() {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.containsKey(o);
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(o) != null;
        }
        public void clear() {
            ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }
    final class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
            return new ValueIterator();
        }
        public int size() {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.containsValue(o);
        }
        public void clear() {
            ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }
    final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
        public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
            return new EntryIterator();
        }
        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
            V v = ConcurrentHashMap.this.get(e.getKey());
            return v != null && v.equals(e.getValue());
        }
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
        }
        public int size() {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
        }
        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
        }
        public void clear() {
            ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
        }
    }
    /* ---------------- Serialization Support -------------- */

    
Save the state of the ConcurrentHashMap instance to a stream (i.e., serialize it).

Parameters:
s the stream
SerialData:
the key (Object) and value (Object) for each key-value mapping, followed by a null pair. The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream sthrows IOException {
        // force all segments for serialization compatibility
        for (int k = 0; k < .; ++k)
            ensureSegment(k);
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.;
        for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k) {
            Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segmentsk);
            seg.lock();
            try {
                HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = seg.table;
                for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                    HashEntry<K,V> e;
                    for (e = entryAt(tabi); e != nulle = e.next) {
                        s.writeObject(e.key);
                        s.writeObject(e.value);
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                seg.unlock();
            }
        }
        s.writeObject(null);
        s.writeObject(null);
    }

    
Reconstitute the ConcurrentHashMap instance from a stream (i.e., deserialize it).

Parameters:
s the stream
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws IOExceptionClassNotFoundException {
        s.defaultReadObject();
        // Re-initialize segments to be minimally sized, and let grow.
        int cap = ;
        final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.;
        for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k) {
            Segment<K,V> seg = segments[k];
            if (seg != null) {
                seg.threshold = (int)(cap * seg.loadFactor);
                seg.table = (HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[cap];
            }
        }
        // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the table
        for (;;) {
            K key = (K) s.readObject();
            V value = (V) s.readObject();
            if (key == null)
                break;
            put(keyvalue);
        }
    }
    // Unsafe mechanics
    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
    private static final long SBASE;
    private static final int SSHIFT;
    private static final long TBASE;
    private static final int TSHIFT;
    static {
        int ssts;
        try {
             = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
            Class tc = HashEntry[].class;
            Class sc = Segment[].class;
             = .arrayBaseOffset(tc);
             = .arrayBaseOffset(sc);
            ts = .arrayIndexScale(tc);
            ss = .arrayIndexScale(sc);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new Error(e);
        }
        if ((ss & (ss-1)) != 0 || (ts & (ts-1)) != 0)
            throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
         = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ss);
         = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ts);
    }
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