package java.util.concurrent;
A hash table supporting full concurrency of retrievals and
adjustable expected concurrency for updates. This class obeys the
same functional specification as
java.util.Hashtable, and
includes versions of methods corresponding to each method of
Hashtable. However, even though all operations are
thread-safe, retrieval operations do
not entail locking,
and there is
not any support for locking the entire table
in a way that prevents all access. This class is fully
interoperable with
Hashtable in programs that rely on its
thread safety but not on its synchronization details.
Retrieval operations (including get) generally do not
block, so may overlap with update operations (including
put and remove). Retrievals reflect the results
of the most recently completed update operations holding
upon their onset. For aggregate operations such as putAll
and clear, concurrent retrievals may reflect insertion or
removal of only some entries. Similarly, Iterators and
Enumerations return elements reflecting the state of the hash table
at some point at or since the creation of the iterator/enumeration.
They do not throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException.
However, iterators are designed to be used by only one thread at a time.
The allowed concurrency among update operations is guided by
the optional concurrencyLevel constructor argument
(default 16), which is used as a hint for internal sizing. The
table is internally partitioned to try to permit the indicated
number of concurrent updates without contention. Because placement
in hash tables is essentially random, the actual concurrency will
vary. Ideally, you should choose a value to accommodate as many
threads as will ever concurrently modify the table. Using a
significantly higher value than you need can waste space and time,
and a significantly lower value can lead to thread contention. But
overestimates and underestimates within an order of magnitude do
not usually have much noticeable impact. A value of one is
appropriate when it is known that only one thread will modify and
all others will only read. Also, resizing this or any other kind of
hash table is a relatively slow operation, so, when possible, it is
a good idea to provide estimates of expected table sizes in
constructors.
This class and its views and iterators implement all of the
optional methods of the java.util.Map and java.util.Iterator
interfaces.
Like java.util.Hashtable but unlike java.util.HashMap, this class
does not allow null to be used as a key or value.
This class is a member of the
Java Collections Framework.
- Parameters:
<K> the type of keys maintained by this map<V> the type of mapped values- Author(s):
- Doug Lea
- Since:
- 1.5
The default initial capacity for this table,
used when not otherwise specified in a constructor.
The default load factor for this table, used when not
otherwise specified in a constructor.
The default concurrency level for this table, used when not
otherwise specified in a constructor.
The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly
specified by either of the constructors with arguments. MUST
be a power of two <= 1<<30 to ensure that entries are indexable
using ints.
The minimum capacity for per-segment tables. Must be a power
of two, at least two to avoid immediate resizing on next use
after lazy construction.
The maximum number of segments to allow; used to bound
constructor arguments. Must be power of two less than 1 << 24.
Number of unsynchronized retries in size and containsValue
methods before resorting to locking. This is used to avoid
unbounded retries if tables undergo continuous modification
which would make it impossible to obtain an accurate result.
Mask value for indexing into segments. The upper bits of a
key's hash code are used to choose the segment.
Shift value for indexing within segments.
The segments, each of which is a specialized hash table.
ConcurrentHashMap list entry. Note that this is never exported
out as a user-visible Map.Entry.
Sets next field with volatile write semantics. (See above
about use of putOrderedObject.)
Gets the ith element of given table (if nonnull) with volatile
read semantics. Note: This is manually integrated into a few
performance-sensitive methods to reduce call overhead.
return (tab == null) ? null :
Sets the ith element of given table, with volatile write
semantics. (See above about use of putOrderedObject.)
static final <K,V> void setEntryAt(HashEntry<K,V>[] tab, int i,
Applies a supplemental hash function to a given hashCode, which
defends against poor quality hash functions. This is critical
because ConcurrentHashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables,
that otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not
differ in lower or upper bits.
private static int hash(int h) { h += (h << 15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
h += (h << 2) + (h << 14);
Segments are specialized versions of hash tables. This
subclasses from ReentrantLock opportunistically, just to
simplify some locking and avoid separate construction.
The maximum number of times to tryLock in a prescan before
possibly blocking on acquire in preparation for a locked
segment operation. On multiprocessors, using a bounded
number of retries maintains cache acquired while locating
nodes.
The per-segment table. Elements are accessed via
entryAt/setEntryAt providing volatile semantics.
transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;
The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
The total number of mutative operations in this segment.
Even though this may overflows 32 bits, it provides
sufficient accuracy for stability checks in CHM isEmpty()
and size() methods. Accessed only either within locks or
among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.
(The value of this field is always
(int)(capacity *
loadFactor).)
The load factor for the hash table. Even though this value
is same for all segments, it is replicated to avoid needing
links to outer object.
Segment(float lf, int threshold, HashEntry<K,V>[] tab) { final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) { HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) { node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
Doubles size of table and repacks entries, also adding the
given node to new table
HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
(HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) { int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) { newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask;
newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
Scans for a node containing given key while trying to
acquire lock, creating and returning one if not found. Upon
return, guarantees that lock is held. UNlike in most
methods, calls to method equals are not screened: Since
traversal speed doesn't matter, we might as well help warm
up the associated code and accesses as well.
- Returns:
- a new node if key not found, else null
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
Scans for a node containing the given key while trying to
acquire lock for a remove or replace operation. Upon
return, guarantees that lock is held. Note that we must
lock even if the key is not found, to ensure sequential
consistency of updates.
if (e == null || key.equals(e.key))
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
Remove; match on key only if value null, else match both.
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) { if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) { final boolean replace(K key, int hash, V oldValue, V newValue) { boolean replaced = false;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) { if (oldValue.equals(e.value)) { final V replace(K key, int hash, V value) { if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) { HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
Gets the jth element of given segment array (if nonnull) with
volatile element access semantics via Unsafe. (The null check
can trigger harmlessly only during deserialization.) Note:
because each element of segments array is set only once (using
fully ordered writes), some performance-sensitive methods rely
on this method only as a recheck upon null reads.
return ss == null ? null :
Returns the segment for the given index, creating it and
recording in segment table (via CAS) if not already present.
- Parameters:
k the index- Returns:
- the segment
final Segment<K,V>[] ss = this.segments;
int cap = proto.table.length;
float lf = proto.loadFactor;
int threshold = (int)(cap * lf);
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap];
Get the segment for the given hash
Gets the table entry for the given segment and hash
return (seg == null || (tab = seg.table) == null) ? null :
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial
capacity, load factor and concurrency level.
- Parameters:
initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.loadFactor the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
bin exceeds this threshold.concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently
updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing
to try to accommodate this many threads.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is
negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are
nonpositive.
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) { if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) { int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity
and load factor and with the default concurrencyLevel (16).
- Parameters:
initialCapacity The implementation performs internal
sizing to accommodate this many elements.loadFactor the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
bin exceeds this threshold.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
elements is negative or the load factor is nonpositive- Since:
- 1.6
Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial capacity,
and with default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
- Parameters:
initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity of
elements is negative.
Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16),
load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
Creates a new map with the same mappings as the given map.
The map is created with a capacity of 1.5 times the number
of mappings in the given map or 16 (whichever is greater),
and a default load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
Returns
true if this map contains no key-value mappings.
- Returns:
- true if this map contains no key-value mappings
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) { for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) { Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map. If the
map contains more than
Integer.MAX_VALUE elements, returns
Integer.MAX_VALUE.
- Returns:
- the number of key-value mappings in this map
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) { if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
or
null if this map contains no mapping for the key.
More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
k to a value v such that key.equals(k),
then this method returns v; otherwise it returns
null. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
(tab = s.table) != null) { (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
Tests if the specified object is a key in this table.
- Parameters:
key possible key- Returns:
- true if and only if the specified object
is a key in this table, as determined by the
equals method; false otherwise.
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key is null
(tab = s.table) != null) { (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
Returns
true if this map maps one or more keys to the
specified value. Note: This method requires a full internal
traversal of the hash table, and so is much slower than
method
containsKey.
- Parameters:
value value whose presence in this map is to be tested- Returns:
- true if this map maps one or more keys to the
specified value
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified value is null
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) { if (seg != null && (tab = seg.table) != null) { for (int i = 0 ; i < tab.length; i++) { for (e = entryAt(tab, i); e != null; e = e.next) { if (v != null && value.equals(v)) { if (retries > 0 && sum == last)
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
Legacy method testing if some key maps into the specified value
in this table. This method is identical in functionality to
containsValue(java.lang.Object), and exists solely to ensure
full compatibility with class
java.util.Hashtable,
which supported this method prior to introduction of the
Java Collections framework.
- Parameters:
value a value to search for- Returns:
- true if and only if some key maps to the
value argument in this table as
determined by the equals method;
false otherwise
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified value is null
Maps the specified key to the specified value in this table.
Neither the key nor the value can be null.
The value can be retrieved by calling the get method
with a key that is equal to the original key.
- Parameters:
key key with which the specified value is to be associatedvalue value to be associated with the specified key- Returns:
- the previous value associated with key, or
null if there was no mapping for key
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
public V put(K key, V value) { return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
- Returns:
- the previous value associated with the specified key,
or null if there was no mapping for the key
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
return s.put(key, hash, value, true);
Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this one.
These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the
keys currently in the specified map.
- Parameters:
m mappings to be stored in this map
public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) { Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this map.
This method does nothing if the key is not in the map.
- Parameters:
key the key that needs to be removed- Returns:
- the previous value associated with key, or
null if there was no mapping for key
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key is null
return s == null ? null : s.remove(key, hash, null);
s.remove(key, hash, value) != null;
public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) { if (oldValue == null || newValue == null)
return s != null && s.replace(key, hash, oldValue, newValue);
- Returns:
- the previous value associated with the specified key,
or null if there was no mapping for the key
- Throws:
java.lang.NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
return s == null ? null : s.replace(key, hash, value);
Removes all of the mappings from this map.
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) { Returns a
java.util.Set view of the keys contained in this map.
The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element
removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from this map,
via the
Iterator.remove,
Set.remove,
removeAll,
retainAll, and
clear
operations. It does not support the
add or
addAll operations.
The view's iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator
that will never throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException,
and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
Returns a
java.util.Collection view of the values contained in this map.
The collection is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection
supports element removal, which removes the corresponding
mapping from this map, via the
Iterator.remove,
Collection.remove,
removeAll,
retainAll, and
clear operations. It does not
support the
add or
addAll operations.
The view's iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator
that will never throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException,
and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
Returns a
java.util.Set view of the mappings contained in this map.
The set is backed by the map, so changes to the map are
reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element
removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map,
via the
Iterator.remove,
Set.remove,
removeAll,
retainAll, and
clear
operations. It does not support the
add or
addAll operations.
The view's iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator
that will never throw java.util.ConcurrentModificationException,
and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
Returns an enumeration of the keys in this table.
- Returns:
- an enumeration of the keys in this table
- See also:
keySet()
Returns an enumeration of the values in this table.
- Returns:
- an enumeration of the values in this table
- See also:
values()
Set nextEntry to first node of next non-empty table
(in backwards order, to simplify checks).
Custom Entry class used by EntryIterator.next(), that relays
setValue changes to the underlying map.
Set our entry's value and write through to the map. The
value to return is somewhat arbitrary here. Since a
WriteThroughEntry does not necessarily track asynchronous
changes, the most recent "previous" value could be
different from what we return (or could even have been
removed in which case the put will re-establish). We do not
and cannot guarantee more.
Save the state of the
ConcurrentHashMap instance to a
stream (i.e., serialize it).
- Parameters:
s the stream- SerialData:
- the key (Object) and value (Object)
for each key-value mapping, followed by a null pair.
The key-value mappings are emitted in no particular order.
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k) { HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = seg.table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) { for (e = entryAt(tab, i); e != null; e = e.next) { Reconstitute the
ConcurrentHashMap instance from a
stream (i.e., deserialize it).
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
for (int k = 0; k < segments.length; ++k) { seg.threshold = (int)(cap * seg.loadFactor);
seg.table = (HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[cap];
private static final long SBASE;
private static final int SSHIFT;
private static final long TBASE;
private static final int TSHIFT;
Class tc = HashEntry[].class;
Class sc = Segment[].class;
if ((ss & (ss-1)) != 0 || (ts & (ts-1)) != 0)
throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");